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A
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AC adapter (Adapter za struju)
Adapter za struju. Omogućava povezivanje digitalnog fotoaparata sa izvorom naizmenične struje.
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Adapter Ring (Prstenasti adapter)
Adapter za konverzioni objektiv koji se montira na vrh postojećeg objektiva. Koristi se kada konverzioni objektiv nije moguće montirati direktno na fotoaparat. Na ovaj način možete da koristite filtere koji ne odgovaraju prečniku objektiva. Za više informacija o podržanim fotoaparatima i objektivima, pogledajte našu stranicu za podršku korisnicima.
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ADC
Analogno-Digitalni konvertor. Uređaj koji konvertuje analogne informacije u digitalne podatke. (AD-Conversion)
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AD konverzija
Analogno-Digitalna konverzija. Da bi se analogni signal (npr. fotografija) mogao obraditi u računaru, najpre se mora digitalizovati (konvertovati u poseban matematički format - binarni kod). Slike se obično digitalizuju pomoću digitalnog foto aparata ili skenera.
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Additive colour mixing (Aditivno mešanje boja)
Sistem zasnovan na mešanju tri osnovne boje (crvene, zelene i plave). Na primer, televizori u boji i kompjuterski monitori koriste ovaj princip mešanja boja.
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AE
Automatska ekspozicija.
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AEB
Auto Exposure Bracketing (automatsko snimanje niza fotografija sa različitim vrednostima ekspozicije)
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AF confirmation mark (Oznaka AF potvrđivanja)
Oznaka koja se prikazuje u tražili ili na ekranu kada je slika subjekta izoštrena. Pritisnite dugme zatvarača do pola da biste fokusirali sliku subjekta. Oznaka se pojavljuje kada fotoaparat izoštri sliku. U suprotnom, oznaka trepće. Oslobodite dugme zatvarača i pokušajte ponovo.
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AF metering field (polje AF merenja)
Tačka ili polje unutar kadra koje označava mesto sa kojeg sistem autofokusa očitava vrednosti za podešavanje fokusa
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AF MODE (AF režim)
Funkcija koja se koristi za prelazak iz jednog u drugi režim autofokusa. Fotoaparat poseduje dva AF režima. [iESP] otkriva subjekte u celoj slici, određuje glavni subjekt i fokusnu tačku. U režimu [SPOT], fotoaparat fokusira samo na mestu obeleženom oznakom AF nišana u centru ekrana.
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AiAF
Artificial intelligence Auto Focus (Autofokus sa veštačkom inteligencijom). Funkcioniše preko „Dual Autofokus" sistema koji je razvila kompanija Canon.
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Akkupack
Baterija u spoljašnjem, prenosivom kućištu. Koristi se kao dodatni izvor energije kojim se produžava kapacitet/vreme korišćenja uređaja (npr. Fotoaparat, blic)
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Algoritam
Set radnih ili instrukcija za obradu, koje se, zbog svoje izuzetne preciznosti, mogu nezavisno izvoditi na nekom mehaničkom ili elektronskom uređaju. Algoritmi su, na primer, pravila sabiranja i oduzimanja. Oni, pored toga, predstavljaju i instrukcije koje se koriste u programskim jezicima. Jednostavno rečeno, algoritmi omogućavaju računaru da reši određene probleme. U obradi slike, algoritmi se koriste za uređivanje, npr. „3-D Cubic algoritam". (TruePic)
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Aliasing (nazubljenost)
Krive u obliku piksela koje se pojavljuju na dijagonalnim ivicama objekata. Do ove pojave dolazi zato što se svi grafički elementi sastoje od pojedinačnih piksela. Umekšavanje ivica (Anti-aliasing) umanjuje ovaj neželjeni efekat tako što ponovo izračunava vrednosti kontrasta između naspramnih piksela i slaže odgovarajuće parnjake.
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Analogno
Suprotno od digitalno. Analogni podaci se kontinualno spajaju jedni sa drugima bez jasno utvrđenih koraka. (npr. boje duge nisu jasno razdvojene jedna od druge.)
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APO
Naziv za sočiva sa apohromatskom korekcijom (uglavnom izrađena od fuorit stakla). Ovakva sočiva prelamaju svetlosne zrake tako da se crveni, plavi i zeleni talasi, odnosno zraci precizno nalaze u istoj tački. Zahvaljujući ovakvim karakteristikama, apohromatska sočiva ne dovode do hromatskih aberacija.
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APS
Skraćenica za „Advanced Photo System“. Filmski sistem koji je zajednički razvilo nekoliko proizvođača. Karakteriše ga jednostavan rad, novi format slike (16 x 30 mm) i izbor od nekoliko formata filmova. Na magnetnu traku APS filma mogu da se zabeleže i dodatne informacije, kao što su ekspozicija, otvor blende i datum. Ipak, APS nije digitalna fotografija.
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ASIC čip
Skraćenica za „Application Specific Integrated Circuit“. Čip koji je posebno izrađen za određenu vrstu primene. U fotoaparatima se ovakvi čipovi koriste za brzu obradu snimljenih podataka.
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ATA-Flash-Cards
Priključne memorijke kartice.
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Auto bracketing
Auto bracketing je način rada u kojem fotoaparat velikom brzinom pravi seriju slika od kojih je svaka podešena na različitu vrednost ekspozicije. Ova funkcija je veoma korisna u neuobičajenim svetlosnim uslovima, gde je teško odrediti optimalna podešavanja. Nakon fotografisanja, možete da izaberite slike koje vam najviše odgovaraju, a ostale da obrišete. Videti: Korekcija ekspozicije
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Autofokus (AF)
Automatsko izoštravanje slike. U osnovi, postoje dva načina rada AF sistema: metod detekcije fokusa (ili pasivni Autofokus) obično koristi CCD senzor i određuje količinu kontrasta ili fazne razlike u prizoru. Sistem merenja rastojanja (ili aktivni Autofokus) koristi izvor i prijemnik infracrvenog svetla. Pored toga, fotoaparat može da koristi i ultrazvuk da bi na osnovu vremena koje je potrebno za povratak signala odredio udaljenost objekta. Na osnovu ovih proračuna vrši se automatska korekcija položaja sočiva.
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Automatski blic
Jedan od načina rada blica. Kada je u meniju za podešavanje blica aktivirana opcija [AUTO], fotoaparat uključuje blic prema uslovima ambijentalnog osvetljenja. Brzina zatvarača se podešava tako da se smanji mogućnost zamućenja usled podrhtavanja fotoaparata.
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Autofocus illuminator (AF osvetljivač)
Pojedini modeli fotoaparata su opremljeni AF lampicom koja osvetljava subjekt i tako pomaže sistemu Autofokusa da pravilno izoštri sliku u uslovima slabog osvetljenja. Na ovaj način, uobičajeni, pasivni AF sistem (npr. detekcija kontrasta / metod fazne razlike) može da odredi ispravan fokus – čak i u polumraku.
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Automatic Program (Programirani automatski režim)
U ovom režimu rada (koji je na velikoj većini modela označen slovom „P”), fotoaparat podešava otvor blende i brzinu zatvarača koji najviše odgovaraju uslovima snimanja.
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Program automatic
In the program automatic setting, (on most models denoted by “P”) the camera sets the aperture and shutter speed to suit the relevant conditions.
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[AVAILABLE LIGHT]
Unapred programirano podešavanje fotoaparata. Jedan od programa za snimanje [SCENE]. Ovaj program isključuje blic, ali ipak omogućava fotografisanje na slabo osvetljenim mestima. Automatski se aktivira veća ISO osetljivot kako bi se omogućila veća brzina zatvarača i time izbeglo zamućenje. Veličina slike može da bude ograničena.
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AVI
Skraćenica za „Audio Video Interleave“. Standardni format datoteke za Windows sisteme. Koristi se za čuvanje video sekvenci sa ili bez zvuka.
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Aperture (Blenda)
Mehanizam unutar objektiva koji kontroliše količinu svetla koja ulazi u fotoaparat . Blenda ne samo da utiče na osvetljenost slike, već reguliše i tzv. dubinsku oštinu. Većina fotoaparata poseduje blendu koja se može podešavati slobodno ili prema unapred određenim koracima.
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Aperture closing (Zatvaranje blende)
Videti: Aperture
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Aperture opening (otvor blende)
Videti: Aperture
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Aperture Priority (Prioritet blende)
U ovom načinu rada, korisnik podešava otvor blende, a fotoaparat automatski podešava odgovarajuću brzinu zatvarača kako bi se dobila odgovarajuća ekspozicija. Kod većine modela fotoaparata, ovaj program je obeležen slovom “A”. Videti: Prioritet zatvarača.
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Aperture number (Oznaka otvora blende)
Videti: Aperture
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Avrage metering (Merenje proseka)
Tehnika merenja ekspozicije koja očitava prosečne vrednosti jačine svetla u čitavom okviru.
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B
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Batch (Serijska obrada)
U kompjuterskoj tehnologiji ovaj pojam označava datoteke za serijsku obradu. u pitanju su mali programi, ili skriptovi koji automatski izvršavaju seriju naredbi. Na ovaj način je moguće u jednom potezu promeniti imena, iskopirati ili pomeriti veliki broj datoteka, tako da se postupak ne ponavlja sa svakom pojedinačnom slikom.
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Backlight (Pozadinsko osvetljenje)
Izvor svetla koji se nalazi iza subjekta. Ako je ovo glavni izvor svetla, kaže se da je subjekt u pozadinskom osvetljenju.
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Battery pack (Pakovanje baterija)
Takođe poznato i kao „power pack“. Punjiva baterija zaštićena kućištem. Predstavlja dodatno napajanje za kamere, fotoaparate, spoljašnje bliceve, itd.
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[BEACH & SNOW] (PLAŽA I SNEG)
Unapred programirano podešavanje fotoaparata. Jedan od programa za snimanje [SCENE]. Koristite ovaj program kada pravite slike okeana sa čistim nebom ili planine prekrivene snegom.
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Banding (Savijanje)
Greška u iscrtavanju slike koja se javlja u tamnim delovima slike prilikom fotografisanja sa visokom osetljivošću.
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Blur (Zamućenje)
Ima puno razloga zbog kojih slika može bude zamućena. Do zamućenja može da dođe kada se subjekti brzo kreću, ili ako fotoaparati nije stabilan ili se pomera tokom pritiska na dugme zatvarača. Do pomeranja i podrhtavanja fotoaparata češće dolazi na velikim žižnim daljinama (tj, kada se koristi veliki zum).
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Blackboard/ Whiteboard (Bela tabla / crna tabla)
Ova dva efekta proizvode slike koje su sastavljene Crna tabla isključivo od pune bele i crne boje, kako bi naglasili kontrast. Zato su ovi programi idealni za fotografisanje dokumenata i tekstova.
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Binarno
Naziv za sistem brojeva koji se sastoji samo od nula i jedinica (0 i 1). Kao i u decimalnom sistemu, veći brojevi se prave kombinovanjem osnovnih brojeva 0 i 1.
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Bit
Binarni broj. Najmanja digitalna jedinica koja može da se nađe u samo dva stanja 0 ili 1. Osam bitova čini jedan bajt.
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Bitmap
Slika koja je definisana mrežom (mapom) piksela, a svaki piksel ima određenu bit-vrednost koja predstavlja izgled slike u datoj tački.
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Bluestitch
Obuhvaćen plavom bojom.
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Blooming
Suprotno od "šuma"; greška u slici koja je unajvećoj meri iskorenjena na modernim digitalnim fotoaparatima. Označava "prelivanje" električnog naboja između pojedinačnih senzora na CCD elementu.
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Bluebox
Poznato i kao “plava zavesa”. Proces iz televizijske i filmske produkcije. Glumci stoje ispred zida koji je, uglavnom, obojen u plavo. Nakon toga se u plave delove slike umeću različite vrste pozadine, čime se postiže utisak da se glumci nalaze, na primer, na vrhu planine, iako nisu napuštali studio.
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Bluetooth
Standard za bežičnu komunikaciju između različitih uređaja putem radio talasa, koji su razvile kompanije Sony-Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia i Toshiba. Za razliku od infracrvenog prenosa podataka, koji je takođe bežičan, Bluetooth ne zahteva vizuelni kontakt između uređaja. Ovaj protokol radi na frekvenciji od 2.4 GHz i nudi mogućnost prenosa podataka brzinom od 2.1 Mbit/s. U zavisnosti od klase uređaja, domet mu je do 100 metara
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Bridge-Kamera
A bridge camera makes a bridge between a compact camera and a single reflex camera (SLR), it has a single reflex viewer but no exchangeble objectivs.
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Browser (Pregledač)
Program koji se koristi za pregled i prikaz informacija, posebno na Internetu.
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Buffer (Privremena memorija)
Vrsta privremene memorije (vidi: RAM) u koju se (Privremena nakratko smeštaju slike, pre nego što budu memorija) sačuvane na memorijsku karticu. Ova vrsta memorije je neophodna zato što su memorijske kartice osetno sporije i ne mogu da upišu podatke onom brzinom kojom ih fotoaparat pravi. Naročito je korisna prilikom snimanja u sekvenci.
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Bug
Greška u programu. Otklanja se popravkom ili ponovnim pisanjem programskog koda.
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Bug-Fix
Otklanjanje softverske greške instalacijom specijalnog programa koji sadrži potrebne korekcije (zakrpe).
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Bulb režim (Lampica)
Veoma dugačka ekspozicija. U ovom načinu rada, zatvarač ostaje otvoren dok god je pritisnuto dugme zatvarača. Na ovaj način se omogućava ekspozicija od nekoliko minuta, pa čak i sati. Ipak, na pojedinim modelima fotoaparata ovaj način rada je ograničen na određeni broj minuta, bez obzira na to koliko se drži pritisnuto dugme zatvarača. Ovaj način rada je na većini fotoaparata označen slovom “B”.
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Burst režim
Drugi izraz za snimanje u sekvenci.
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Bus
Unutrašnji interfejs za prenos podataka između komponenti sistema, kao što je memorija, procesor, itd.
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Byte (Bajt)
Binarni paket podataka sastavljen od 8 bita. Bajt može da predstavi vrednosti između 0 i 255. Može da opiše bilo koji od 256 simbola, brojeva ili boja. Veći broj bajtova se izražava pomoću odgovarajućeg slovnog prefiksa. Tako je:
1 kilobajt = 1 KB = 1,024 bajta
1 megabajt = 1 MB = 1,048,576 bajtova
1 gigabajt = 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bajta
1 terabajt = 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bajta.
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C
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CAMEDIA
Naziv Olympusovih proizvoda za digitanu obradu slike.
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CAMEDIA Master /CAMEDIA Master Pro
Program CAMEDIA Master omogućava, jednostavnu obradu, uređivanje, orgnizaciju i štampanje digitalnih fotografija. Progrmomogućava spajanje slika u panoramske kompozicije. Pregled sličica omogućava jednostavno pronalaženje željene fotografije. Pro verzija pruža dodatne mogućnosti: pripremu prezentacija sa zvučnim efektima i muzikom koje se mgu sauvati kao video zapisi ; ili HTML foto albumi za internet stranice.
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Camera shake (Podrhtavanje fotoaparata)
Nesvesni tremor ruke i tela izaziva podrhtavanje fotoaparata koji je jedan od najvažnijih uzročnika zamućenja slike.
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Candela
Jedinica za količinu svetla (cd). 1 cd iznosi 1/683 W po steradianu
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Calibration (Kalibracija)
Recipročno balansiranje ili fino podešavanje ulaznih i izlaznih uređaja kako bi se dobila odgovarajuća vrednost. Na ovaj način se boje na monitoru mogu uskladiti sa bojama koje može da prikaže štampač.
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[CANDLE] (Svetlost sveće)
Unapred programirano podešavanje fotoaparata. Jedan od programa za snimanje. Koristite ovaj program kada pravite slike prizora osvetljenih svetlošću sveće ili sobnom lampom. Pored toga, pojedini modeli fotoaparata automatski povećavaju ISO osetljivost kako bi sprečili podrhtavanje fotoaparata.
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Card drive (Izmenjivi adapter za kartice)
Uređaj koji može da koristi jednu ili više različitih memorijskih kartica i prikazuje se kao izmenjivi disk.
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Cast
Prevelika količina jedne boje na slici; na primer previše crvene ili previše žute. Ovaj efekat se često pojavljuje kao posledica lošeg podešavanja balansa belog.
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Catchlight (Odsjaj)
Odraz svetla u očima neke osobe. Na portret fotografijama, izrazi lica izgledaju svetlije i životnije ako se uhvati odsjaj u očima subjekta. Da biste namerno stvorili odsjaj, obasjajte subjekt blicem ili reflektorom.
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CCD
Skraćenica za „Charge-Coupled Device“. Poluprovodnik osetljiv na svetlo koji pretvara primljenu svetlost u struju čiji napon odgovara intenzitetu svetla. Koristi se u obliku čipa ili senzora na digitalnim kamerama, fotoaparatima i skenerima. (progresivni CCD, video CCD).
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CD-R
Skraćenica za Compact Disc Recordable. Kompakt disk na koji se podaci mogu snimati ali ne i brisati. Pored standardne verzije prečnika 12 cm, dostupan je i mini CD od 8 cm.
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Card adapter (Adapter za karticu)
Uređaj u koji se ubacuje memorijska kartica radi za karticu prebacivanja podataka sa ili na računar
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CD-RW
Skraćenica za Compact Disc Recordable. Kompakt disk na koji se podaci mogu snimati ali ne i brisati. Pored standardne verzije prečnika 12 cm, dostupan je i mini CD od 8 cm.
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Card reader/ writer (Čitač / pisač kartica)
Uređaj koji prima memorijske kartice i prenosi podatke između računara i medija.
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Chip (Čip)
Zajednički naziv za integralna kola čije se komponente (npr. tranzistori diode, otpornici) nalaze na malom komadu silikonskog poluprovodnika.
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CIE
Skraćenica za Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage. Međunarodna komisija za standardizaciju u oblasti kolorimetrije. Utvrđeni standardi predstavljaju osnovu za definiciju boja u DTP standardima.
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Cirkularni tip
Vrsta filtera koji se montira na objektiv. Ovo je cirkularno polarizovani PL filter. Moderni digitalni fotoaparati često koriste polarizovani sistem poluogledala za funkcije merenja i autofokusa. Ove funkcije ne mogu da rade uz normalni filter za polarizovanu svetlost (PL).
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CMOS
Skraćenica za “Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor”. Čip osetljiv na svetlo. Za razliku od CCD senzora, informacije sa piksela na CMOS čipu se očitavaju pojedinačno.
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CMYK
Skraćenica za Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, i Key/Black (cijan, magenta, žuta i crna). Ovo su boje koje se koriste za dobijanje kolor štampe.
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Codec
Skraćenica za "Decompressor/Compressor". Algoritam za kompresiju, odnosno čitanje kompresovanih formata slike ili zvuka.
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Compact camera (Kompaktni fotoaparat)
Mali i jednostavan fotoaparat sa ugrađenim fiksnim objektivom i tražilom.
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CompactFlash kartica
Memorijska kartica koju je 1994. godine razvila kartica kompanija SanDisk. Za razliku od SmartMedia ili xD-Picture Card tehnologije, ova vrsta memorijske kartice poseduje ugrađeni kontroler. Novija generacija ovih kartica – CF Type II (CF/2) je debljine 5 mm, dok debljina CF Type I iznosi svega 3.3 mm.
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Charger (Punjač)
Punjač baterija.
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Compatibility (Kompatibilnost)
Sposobnost podataka, programa (softvera) i opreme (hardvera) da se pokrene i/ili radi zajedno. Ovo omogućava spajanje individualnih komponenti u sistem.
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COM port
Serijski interfejs na računaru. Često se koristi za povezivaje uređaja kao što su digitalni fotoaparati. (Vidi: USB)
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Composition (Kompozicija)
Proces podešavanja kadra, položaja fotoaparata i/ili fokusne daljine da bi se dobio odgovarajući izgled fotografije.
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Compression (Kompresija)
Podaci o slikama se kompresuju radi ekonomičnijeg skladištenja. Međutim, kompresija često dovodi do gubitka u kvalitetu slike. Uobičajeni format kompresije je JPEG ili MPEG.
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Computer controlled flash (Kompjuterska kontrola blica)
Skoro svi modeli kompaktnih bliceva ili bliceva sa držačem su kompjuterski kontrolisani. Ovi uređaji podešavaju svoj intenzitet usmeravanjem senzora prema subjektu. Na ovaj način dobijaju informacije na osnovu kojih određuju dužinu bljeska. Senzor za svetlo često dobija podatke preko objektiva fotoaparata. (vidi: TTL).
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Closest focus range (Najmanja žižna daljina)
Najmanje rastojanje na kojem fotoaparat može da izoštri sliku.
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Kontrast
Stepen razlike između tonova objekta, koji je funkcija njegovih stvarnih tonova i boja i kvaliteta svetla.
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Conversion Lens (Konverzioni objektiv)
Konverzioni objektiv se montira na vrh objektiva kako bi se promenila njegova žižna daljina. Uglavnom se koristi na aparatima sa fiksiranim objektivima. Dostupni tipovi konverzionih objektiva uključuju: makro objektiv za slikanje izbliza, širokougaoni objektiv i telefoto objektiv pomoću kojeg možete da slikate sa velike udaljenosti produžavajući žižnu daljinu. Za više informacija o fotoaparatima i tipovima objektiva s kojima se može koristiti konverzioni objektiv, pogledajte stranicu za podršku korisnicima.
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Cross Filter
Vrsta filtera koji se može priključiti na objektiv. Stvara efekat od kojeg se čini da svetlost isijava iz izvora.
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CRT
Skraćenica za „Cathode Ray Tube. Katodna cev u kojoj elektronski top šalje zrake na površinu, usled čega cev svetli i tako prikazuje sliku.
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Colour area (Prostor boja)
Prostorni opis svih boja i nijansi koje neki uređaj može da obradi, odnosno prikaže. Prostor boja se uvećava proporcionalno dubini boje.
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CR123A
Litijumska baterija od 3V, standardne veličine 34 x 16.5 mm. U Americi pod nazvom DL123A.
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Colour depth (Dubina boje)
Ovaj izraz se odnosi na najveći broj boja koje mogu da prepoznaju digitalni fotoaparati i skeneri, ili koje mogu da prikažu grafičke kartice na računarima. Verna reprodukcija boja (na računarima, štampačima i skenerima označeno kao „true colour”) postiže se na 8 bita za svaku od tri osnovne boje, čime se dobija paleta od 24 bita. Osam bita po primarnoj boji daje 256 nivoa. Kada ovo pomnožimo 256 (crvena) x 256 (zelena) x 256 (plava) dobijamo 16,777,216 boja koje se mogu prikazati na nekom uređaju. Vrhunski skeneri, grafičke kartice, itd. pružaju minimalnu dubinu boja od 24 bita.
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CR2016
Litijumske jednokratne "dugme" baterije, standardne veličine 20 x 1,5 mm, sa naponom od 3V. Koriste se kao pomoćne baterije za čuvane informacija o datumu i vremenu.
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Colour Management (Upravljanje bojama)
Ovaj izraz se odnosi na kalibraciju svih perifernih bojama koji učestvuju u proizvodnji digitalne slike (monitori, skeneri, kolor štampači, itd.). Na primer, uz pomoć sistema za upravljanje bojama, podaci sa skenera se konvertuju u vrednosti koje odgovaraju standardnom opsegu boja. Podaci se organizuju na takav način da štampač može da napravi što kvalitetnije otiske.
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CR2032
Litijumske jednokratne "dugme" baterije, standardne veličine 20 x 3 mm, sa naponom od 3V. Koriste se kao pomoćne baterije za čuvane informacija o datumu i vremenu
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Colour noise (Šum u bojama)
Pogrešna reprodukcija boje na slici, odnosno pojava tačaka boje u delu slike koji bi trebao da bude potpuno beo. (vidi: Šum)
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CR-V3
Litijumska baterija od 3V, standardne veličine 52 x 14 x 28 mm. Olympusov naziv: LB-01E
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Colour stitch
When a picture has a colour stich, a colour part is unnatural strong pronounced.
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Colour temperature (Temperatura boje)
Ovaj izraz opisuje spektralnu distribuciju energije, a tako i kvalitet boje izvora svetla. Temperatura boje se prikazuje u Kelvinima (K). Veoma je važno izabrati odgovarajuću temperaturu boje, kako bi subjekt bio snimljen u prirodnim bojama. Velika većina digitalnih fotoaparata se može ručno ili automatski podesiti na neku od vrednosti u opsegu od 3,000K do 8,000K (vidi: Balans belog). Opseg vidljiv ljudskom oku je između 2,790 i 11,000 K.
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[CUISINE] (Kuhinja)
Unapred programirano podešavanje fotoaparata. Jedan od programa za snimanje. Koristite ovaj program kada pravite slike hrane sa živopisnim bojama. Fotoaparat je automatski podešen na makro režim.
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Color value size (Veličina vrednosti boje)
Veličina vrednosti boje ukazuje na razlike između najsvetlijih i najtamnijih delova koji su prikazani na slici.
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Compact digital camera (Kompaktni digitalni fotoaparat)
Fotoaparat koji je, zahvaljujući malim dimenzijama, smanjenoj težini i jednostavnosti idealan za putovanja i svakodnevnu upotrebu.
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Converter (Konverter)
Produžetak objektiva koji povećava ili smanjuje žižnu daljinu. (vidi: Makro-konverter, Telekonverter, Širokougaoni konverter)
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CPU
Skraćenica za „Central Processing Unit“. Glavni procesor na PC računaru.
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Cross-button
Poseban element upravljanja. Jedno dugme je sve što vam je potrebno da biste izabrali različite menije ili aktivirali funkcije, i to samo promenom tačke pritiska.
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D
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Data security (Sigurnost podataka)
Izraz koji obuhvata sve vrste mera za zaštitu uskladištenih podataka i programa na duži vremenski period
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Daylight Synchronization
When you take pictures during the day, this allows you to illuminate objects that are shadowed without sacrificing objects that already have enough light. A good example of this is when you take pictures of backlit people. It is most effective when the flash is not too strong and acts as a fill light.
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DCF
Skraćenica za Design Rule for Camera File System – industrijski standard za snimanje digitalnih fotografija. Ovaj standard ne određuje samo vrstu datoteke, već uspostavlja i pravila za nazive datoteka i strukturu foldera. Omogućava konverziju nekompresovanih TIFF datoteka u kompresovani JPEG format. Ovako napravljena JPEG datoteka pripada podvrsti Exif i može da sadrži informacije o fotoaparatu kao što su podešavanja i datum slikanja. (vidi: DPOF)
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Dekoder
Suprotno od enkoder. Dekompresuje npr. video zapis.
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Default settings (Fabričke postavke)
Kada je baterija na duže vremena izvađena iz fotoaparata, podešene postavke funkcija među kojima su snimanje i balans belog, vraćaju se na podrazumevane fabričke vrednosti. Standardne postavke su skoro potpuno iste kao i fabričke. Fotoaparat će se vratiti na podrazumevana podešavanja kada se isključi, ali će postavke kao što su datum i vreme ostati zapamćene.
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Dia
Skraćenica za "Diapositiv", ili dvostrani film. Dija film je fotografska emulzija, prebačena na nosač i može se pogledati putem projekcije (npr. sa dija projektorom) ili retroprojekcije. Za dija filmove je potrebno posebno razvijanje sa okretanjem (hemikalije koje se koriste nisu iste kao kod razvijanja negativa).
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Depth of field (Dubinska oštrina)
Rastojanje između najbliže i najdalje tačke u kojoj je subjekt i dalje ostaje u fokusu, bez promene podešavanja objektiva.
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DIGIC
Skraćenica za Digital Imaging Integrated Circuit. Procesor koji je posebno razvijen u kompanji Canon za razvijanje slike unutar fotoaparata. Digic-signalni procesor preuzima šest glavnih funkcija: strukturnu automatsku ekspoziciju/fokus/balans belog, uređivanje signala, JPEG kompresiju, upravljanje izmenjivom memorijskom karticom i upravljanje LCD ekranom.
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Digitalno
Suprotno od analognog. Digitalne informacije su sastavljene od ograničenog broja gradacija (npr. 256 boja, 8 ’bita). Prelazak iz jednog u drugi digitalni element je uvek „korak po korak“ a ne kontinuirano.
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Digitalni album
Mobilna privremena memorija kompanije Nixvue.
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Digitalni fotoaparat
Uređaj koji snima fotografije, obično uz pomoć CCD senzora. Primljeni podaci o slici se beleže na memorijsku karticu ili neki drugi medij. (vidi: SmartMedia, xD-Picture kartice, CompactFlash, Memory Stick, SD kartice, MMC kartice)
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Digital ESP
Digital Electro-Selective Pattern. Ovaj sistem analizira distribuciju svetlosti, kao i njen intenzitet kako bi utvrdio koji se od unapred utvrđenih scenarija nabolje uklapa u fotografiju i podešava postavke snimanja prema dobijanim rezultatima. Ovaj način merenja efikasan je u mnogim situacijama, a posebno za snimanje fotografija sa jakim kontrastom. (Merenje ekspozicije, merenje u tački, merenje odbijene svetlosti, merenje svetlosti)
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Digital Imaging Software (Softver za digitalnu obradu slike)
Npr. CAMEDIA Master
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Digitalni teleobjektiv
Zahvaljujući posebnim algoritmima, neki digitalni fotoaparati pružaju efekat zuma preračunavajući podatke o snimljenoj fotografiji. Međutim, ovakvo povećavanje slike znači i smanjivanje njenog kvaliteta.
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Dioptrija
Jedinica za merenje snage prelamanja sočiva. U fotografiji, ovaj termin se koristi za objektive i korekciju tražila prema korisnikovom vidu.
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Dioptrijski objektiv
Optički dodatak koji se stavlja na prednji deo objektiva fotoaparata i služi kao povećalo. Za razliku od makro konvertera, menja se samo standard slike; najmanje fokusno rastojanje neće biti kraće. Faktor uvećanja uisnut je na dodatku.
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Dioptrijska korekcija
Podešavanje tražila u skladu sa vidom korisnika.
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Direktno štampanje
Mogućnost štampanja slika bez upotrebe računara.
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Dead pixels (Mrtvi pikseli)
Mrtvi pikseli ne reaguju ni na koji način (za razliku od vrućih piksela). Na slici se vide kao crne tačke.
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Dot pitch (Razmak između tačaka)
Koristi se kod monitora da bi se označilo rastojanje između pojedinačnih tačaka (rezolucija). Što je manji razmak, to je slika oštrija Dobri monitori obično imaju razmak između tačaka od 0.25 i 0.27 mm.
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Download (Preuzimanje)
Termin koji označava prenošenje podataka na PC (Download) računar, obično sa interneta ili sa drugog uređaja, kao što je digitalni fotoaparat (vidi: prenos podataka).
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dpi
Skraćenica za „Dots per inch“. Broj tačaka po inču(1 inč iznosi približno 2.54 cm). Ova merna jedinica se koristi u štampi da bi se izrazila geometrijska rezolucija slike.
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DPOF
Skraćenica za "Digital Print Order Format". Format koji je uvela fotografska industrija i koji omogućava direktan pristup fotografijama koje su sačuvane na npr. SmartMedia ili xD-Picture karticama, sa pojedinih štampača i uređaja za kopiranje i profesionalnu obradu u foto-laboratorijima.
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Distorzija
Izobličenje slike. Normalno je da širokougaoni objektivi prave veću distorziju nego teleobjektivi
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Hand-held exposure meter (Ručni merač ekspozicije)
Spoljašnji merač ekspozicije.
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Drive Mode (Režim snimanja)
Jedna od funkcija fotoaparata kada je zatvarač otpušten. Uključuje sekvencijalno snimanje i AF sekvencijalno snimanje. Pojedini modeli fotoaparata imaju i postavke samookidača i auto-bracketing.
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Driver (Upravljački program)
Mali program koji omogućava komunikaciju između aplikacije i određenog uređaja, na primer, štampača ili digitalnog fotoaparata.
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DSC
Skraćenica za "Digital Still Camera". Često se koristi uz naziv proizvoda (npr. Sony DSC-F707) ili u imenu datoteke (npr. DSC030011.JPG).
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DSLR
Skraćenica za "Digital Single Lens Reflex".
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DSP
Sraćenica za "Digital Signal Processor". Elektronski mikroprocesor za obradu digitalnog signala u realnom vremenu. DSP može da preuzme više različitih funkcija (npr. autofokus. JPEG kompresiju, itd.).
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DTP
Skraćenica za „Desktop Publishing“ („Stono izdavaštvo“). Ova skraćenica se
odnosi na dizajn i ilustracije teksta i grafičkih elemenata na monitoru računara.
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Dual (hibrid) autofokus
Od latinnske reči "hybrida". Kombinovani sistem autofokusa koji se sastoji od aktivnog i pasivnog autofokusa.
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DVD-ROM
Skraćenica za „Digital Versatile Disc“. Poznatiji kaosamo DVD. Standard za CD-ROM sa znatno većim kapacitetom (npr. 9.4 GB).
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DXP
Short for Digital Extended Processor. Definition for certain A/D converters or signal editing parts from Sony.
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Dye-sublimation (Termo-sublimacijski proces štampe)
Metod za štampanje boja na slikama i grafičkim elementima. Ovaj proces koristi toplotu kako bi preneo boju sa trake štampača na papir. Kvalitet štampe je izuzetan. Olympusov foto-štampač P-440 proizvodi otiske dimenzija A4 za 90 sekundi, pri rezoluciji od 314 dpi i sa 16.7 miliona boja.
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E
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Edit (Uređivanje)
Funkcija menija koja postaje dostupna kada se fotoaparat nalazi u režimu reprodukcije. U zavisnosti od modela fotoaparata, dostupne su različite funkcije korekcije slike, kao što su "OSVETLJENOST", "SEPIA" ili "OKVIR".
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ED-Lens (ED sočiva)
Sočivo napravljeno od posebne vrste stakla sa izuzetno niskim karakteristikama disperzije.
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Elektronsko tražilo
Elektronsko tražilo je napravljeno od malog LCD ekrana koji prikazuje sliku koja se vidi kroz objektiv, baš kao i kod običnog SLR fotoaparata. Ovo se postiže uz pomoć CCD senzora koji tražilu neprekidno šalje informacije o slici. Na ovaj način je kadriranje znatno lakše jer se fotografu prikazuje slika koja je identična sa onom koju „vidi“ fotoaparat. Pored toga, na LCD tražilu mogu da se prikažu i brojne informacije, kao što su postavke aparata, broj preostalih slika, itd
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E-mail
Svetski sistem elektronske pošte. Digitalizovani podaci mogu, skoro trenutno, da stignu u bilo koji deo sveta putem telefonskih linija i računara. Svaki korisnik poseduje sopstveno elektronsko „sanduče“. Datoteke, kao što su, na primer, digitalne fotografije mogu se poslati uz bilo koju poruku elektronske pošte.
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Encapsulated Postscript
see: EPS
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Enkoder
Suprotno od dekoder. Softver koji, npr. kompresuje video zapis.
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EOS
Skraćenica za "Electro Optical System". Naziv za atofokus refleksni fotoaparat koji je razvila kompanija Canon.
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EPS
Skraćenica za „Encapsulated PostScript“. Format datoteke zasnovan na PostScript standardu. Podržava ga većina programa za grafički dizajn i pripremu za štampu (vidi: DTP).
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E-TTL
Skraćenica za "Evaluative Through-the-Lens Mode". Metoda za merenje i konrolu ekspozicije blica koju je razvila kompanija Canon. Ove dve odvojene merne jedinice (jedna za svetlost blica, a druga za svetlost ambijenta) postaju E-TTL svetlo blica kroz objektiv i mera ambijentalnog svetla. Ovo omogućava precizno sinhronizaciju tonova između svetla blica i ambijentalnog osvetlenja. Pomoću E-TTL se meri i kontroliše blic, pre nego što stvarna ekspozicija snimi ultra brzu snimku (nevidljivu ljudskom oku) kojoj je prilagođena i elektronika u aparatu i blicu. Zato E-TTL sistem funkcioniše samo sa odgovarajućim Sony modelima.
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Exif
Skraćenica za „Exchangeable image format“. Standard za datoteke napravljene digitalnim fotoaparatima i ostalim ulaznim uređajima. Exif datoteke mogu da budu snimljene u nekompresovanom TIFF ili u kompresovanom JPEG formatu i sadrže informacije o fotoaparatu i primenjenim podešavanjima. Ovako sačuvane informacije mogu se prikazati uz pomoć posebnih programa. Exif 2.2 prikuplja još veći broj informacija, kao što su podešavanja načina snimanja balans belog i postavke blica. Kompatibilni štampači na inteligentan način primenjuju ove podatke kako bi proizveli optimalan kvalitet otiska.
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Exposure (Ekspozicija)
Ekspozicija predstavlja vremenski period tokom kojeg CCD senzor (ili hemikalije na filmu) biva izložen svetlosti.
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Exposure control (Kontrola ekspozicije)
Opisuje način na koji fotoaparat kontroliše brzinu zatvarača i otvor blende. Ovaj postupak može da ekspozicije bude potpuno automatski (Automatski, Programirano automatski ili preko Programa za snimanje prizora), poluautomatski (Prioritet blende, Prioritet zatvarača) ili manuelno (potpuna kontrola nad brzinom zatvarača i otvorom blende).
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Exposure correction / compensation (Korekcija / kompenzacija ekspozicije)
Namerno odstupanje od vrednosti koju je utvrdio svetlomer. Promena se može izvršiti ručno (podeksponirano / preeksponirano) ili kroz programiranu automatsku kontrolu ekspozicije.
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Exposure time (Dužina ekspozicije)
Vreme tokom kojeg je zatvarač otvoren.
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F
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FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions.
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Fill-in Flash (Dopunski bljesak)
Način rada blica koji je naročito koristan prilikom fotografisanja subjekta koji se nalazi ispred snažnog izvora svetla ili svetle pozadine. Bez blica, subjekt bi, u ovakvim situacijama, ostao u senci. Međutim, bljesak blica pruža dovoljno svetla da obezbedi ravnomernu osvetljenost subjekta.
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Film sensitivity (Osetljivost filma)
Mera reakcije filma na svetlost prikazana u ISO jedinicama, koje su zamenile ranije DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) i ASA (American Standards Association) standarde.
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Filmski skener
Hardver za digitalizaciju filmova i slajdova.
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Filter
1. Providni, obično obojeni, komad stakla ili plastike koji se postavlja ispred objektiva radi postizanja određenog efekta.
2. Opcija u programima za obradu slike koja omogućava određena podešavanja; npr. boja, osvetljenost, oštrina. (vidi: Softver za obradu slike).
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File (Datoteka)
Set podataka koji su poređani prema određenim pravilima. Na računaru, datotekama upravlja operativni sistem. Datoteke se smeštaju na medije za skladištenje
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Filter - navoj za postavljanje filtera
Na prednjem delu objektiva (ili na specijalnom adapteru) nalazi se poseban navoj za montažu filtera.
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File format (Format datoteke)
Opisuje sadržinu datoteke. Uobičajeni i poznati formati datoteka su <txt> za tekstualnu datoteku, <eps> (Encapsulated PostScript) za PostScript datoteku i <tif> za TIFF slike.
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Firmware (Upravljački program)
Softver koji se nalazi u ROM-u i upravlja radom uređaja.
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Flare
A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Flare is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight, making the picture duller. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight).
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Flash Film Scanner (Fleš filmski skener)
Dodatak koji poseduju određeni digitalni fotoaparati. Omogućava kopiranje 35mm negativa i slajdova. (vidi: Filmski skener)
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FlashPath Adapter
Omogućava jednostvan prenos digitalnih fotografija snimljenih na SmartMedia kartice na PC. Kartice se ubacuju u adapter, a zatim u računar.
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Flash Off (Isključen blic)
Jedan od načina rada blica. Kada je u meniju za izbor načina rada izabrana stavka [AUTO], fotoaparat aktivira blic prema uslovima ambijentalnog osvetjenja. Međutim, na nekim mestima nije dozvoljena upotreba blica. Ako isključite blic možete da izbegnete neželjeni bljesak.
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Flash-ROM
Vrsta memorije koja može da sačuva informacije i nakon isključivanja napajanja. Za razliku od konvencionalnih ROM čipova, sadržaj zabeležen u Flash-ROM memoriji može se brisati i ponovo upisivati uz pomoć programiranih električnih impulsa. Zbog toga se može reći da Flash-ROM predstavlja kombinaciju RAM i ROM memorije.
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Flexizone-Autofokus
Sistem autofokusa koji je kompanija Canon originalno razvila za potrebe kamkordera, koji se ne fokusira na fiksiranu tačku.
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Fisheye lens (Objektiv riblje oko)
Zahvaljujući vidnom polju od 180°, ovakvi objektivi mogu da obuhvate izuzetno veliki prostor, ali takođe i da naprave veoma nadrealnu sliku. Dele se na dijagonalne, koji daju sliku iz više okvira, i cirkularne, koji okruglu sliku projektuju na okvir.
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Flash range (Opseg blica)
Rastojanje koje blic treba da pokrije kako bi subjekt opseg blica dobio optimalnu količinu svetlosti. Ova vrednost se izračunava uz pomoć Lambertovog zakona. Ako se rastojanje od izvora svetlosti poveća za dva puta, do subjekta će stići samo jedna četvrtina originalne količine svetlosti. (vidi: Brojka vodlja).
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Fiksirana žižna daljina
Kada objektiv poseduje unapred podešenu žižnu daljinu, optičko zumiranje nije moguće.
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Flash (Blic)
Uređaj koji na kratko proizvodi veliku količinu svetlosti kako bi osvetlio subjekt. Moderni blicevi rade uz pomoć cevi koje ispuštaju gas. Kompjuterizovani blicevi mogu da izmere i automatski kontrolišu sopstveni intenzitet uz pomoć senzora koji je usmeren prema subjektu. (vidi: Brojka vodilja)
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Flash synchronisation (Sinhronizacija blica)
Koordinira otvaranje zatvarača sa trenutkom i trajanjem bljeska. Pojedini modeli fotoaparata omogućavaju sinhronizaciju početka ili kraja zatvarača (“prva” i “druga" zavesa).
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Fiksirani fokus
Fotoaparati sa fiksiranim fokusom ne poseduju sisteme za autofokus i manuelno izoštravanje. Fokus i otvor blende su podešeni tako da svi objekti koji se nalaze na određenoj udaljenosti budu jasno uhvaćeni. Ipak, njihova mana je u tome što ne mogu da izoštre predmete koji se nalaze u relativnoj blizini i što imaju mali otvor blende.
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Focus Lock
One of the focusing techniques that are available. In general, the camera performs focusing and metering when the shutter button is pressed halfway. The focus and exposure will be fixed for as long as you continue pressing the shutter button halfway. Then, move the camera to your desired framing and press the shutter button down all the way. Use this technique when no subject exists at your desired focusing point.
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Format
Pre upotrebe na računarima, kao i na digitalnim Formatiranje fotoaparatima, određene vrste medija za skladištenje, kao što su flopi i hard diskovi, izmenjivi mediji i određene vrste kompakt diskova, moraju da budu formatirani. Oni se tokom ovog procesa pripremaju da prihvate datoteke iz odgovarajućeg operativnog sistema. Reč „format“ se odnosi na vrstu datoteke, na primer JPEG, TIFF ili DOC. U oblasti fotografije, format, odnosno veličina filma ili senzora za sliku ima veoma veliki uticaj na ugao gledanja objektiva. Format se, takođe, koristi da bi se opisala dvodimenzionalna veličina slike. Kod filmskih fotoaparata, fotografije obično imaju proporciju 3:2 (format: 36 x 24mm). Digitalne fotografije su obično 4:3 ali se, kod nekih modela fotoaparata, ova veličina može promeniti na 3:2. Kod štampanja, format označava veličinu otiska – npr. 9 x 13cm, 10 x 15cm, 13 x 18cm, itd.
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Flash duration (Trajanje bljeska)
Sinhronizacija blica na fotoaparatu omogućava da se bljesak emituje samo dok je zatvarač otvoren.
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Freeware
Softver koji je besplatan za upotrebu i prosleđivanje drugima, ali ne i za prodaju. Za razliku od "shareware" koncepta, ovde nije neophodna registracija.
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Frontalno svetlo
Izvor svetla se nalazi iza fotografa, odnosno ispred subjekta, tako da vrednost ekspozicije koju automatski određuje fotoaparat može da proizvede dobre slike.
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FTP
Skraćenica za "File Transfer Protocol". Protokol za prebacivanje datoteka između račnara i Interneta.
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Frame assist
Some camera models display gridlines on the LCD monitor to assist you in deciding the picture composition. There are also camera models that display horizontal and vertical gridlines on the monitor, while other models display them in the shape of a cross.
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Focal length (Žižna daljina)
Rastojanje između centra sistema objektiva i filma ili CCD senzora, tj. tačka u kojoj je slika izoštrena. Normalna žižna daljina daje sliku koja približno odgovara onome što vidi ljudsko oko (oko 50 mm na konvencionalnim filmskim aparatima i oko 7 mm in na digitalnim modelima kod kojih prečnik CCD iznosi 1/3”).
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Fokusiranje
Podešavanje položaja elemenata objektiva kako bi se slika dovela u fokus, odnosno da bi slika postala jasna i oštra.
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Full automatic (potpuno automatski)
U ovom režimu fotoaparat kontroliše otvor blende i brzinu zatvarača kao i sva ostala podešavanja (npr. blic).
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G
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Gamma korekcija
Proces optimizacije vrednosti kontrasta.
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Ghosting (Duhovi)
Objektiv se sastoji od više sočiva. Duhove izazivaju snažni izvori svetla koji stvaraju slučajne odraze unutar objektiva. Duhovi obično nastaju kada se fotografiše naspram izvora svetla.
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GIF
Skraćenica za „Graphic Interchange Format“. Kompresovani format datoteke sa najviše 256 boja. Često se koristi na internetu, naročito za jednostavne slike i animacije
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GIMP
Skraćenica za "GNU Image Manipulation Programme". Besplatni program za obradu slike koji se podaje pod GNU opštom javnom licencom.
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Glass lens (stakleno sočivo)
Vidi "sočivo".
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Glossy (sjajno)
Foto papir (konvencionalni ili Inkjet papir) sa sjajnom površinom.
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Guide Number (Brojka vodilja)
Mera koja pokazuje maksimalnu snagu blica. Zasnovana je na filmu sa osetljivošću od ISO 100. Blicevi koji su ugrađeni u fotoaparate obično imaju brojku vodilju (GN) od oko 10 – 20, kompaktni blicevi 20 – 40, dok je GN za bliceve sa držačem između 45 i 60.
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GPS
Skraćenica za „Global Positioning System“. Globalni sistem za određivane položaja koji uz pomoć većeg broja satelita precizno određuje geografsku širinu i dužinu i nadmorsku visinu bilo koje tačke na planeti.
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Grey scale (Siva skala)
Raspon od crne do sive boje. Uređaji koji mogu da prikažu samo crno-belu sliku prevode boje u različite nijanse sive.
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Green stitch
Affected with a green stich.
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H
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Half-Press (Pritisnuto do pola)
Kada dugme zatvarača nije pritisnuto do kraja, već je zaustavljeno na pola puta. Obično se dugme zatvarača pritiska u dva koraka. U prvom koraku aparat podešava fokus i meri svetlo kako bi prilagodio brzinu zatvarača i otvor blende.
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Hard drive /disk
Uređaj za permanentno skladištenje programa i informacija koji zadržava informacije i nakon isključivanja računara.
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Hardver
Zajednički naziv za sve računarske komponente, kao što je sâm kompjuter ili periferni uređaji, poput monitora, miša, štampača, digitalnog fotoaparata, itd.
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Hi Colour
Slika koja ima barem 32,000 boja.
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Histogram
Prikazuje distribuciju tonova na slici. Kod određenih modela fotoaparata, histogram može da se koristi u realnom vremenu (tokom snimanja) ili nakon fotografisanja. Histogram je naročito koristan za prepoznavanje pogrešne ekspozicije.
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Homepage
Početna strana neke web lokacije.
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Hotline
Centar za tehničku podršku korisnicima.
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Hot pixels
Faulty pixels which are always on, causing a white spot in the image, usually slightly larger than one pixel in size.
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Hot shoe
A clip-on connector for an external flash system (or accessories like remote controls or flash adapters) usually found on the top of the camera. It has two metal brackets and normally one or several electrical contacts in the centre to allow communication between the camera and flash. If it has no contact, this is an accessory shoe. The flash also features a hot shoe contact and normally a locking mechanism to prevent it falling out of the shoe.
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Hot plugging
The connection and uncoupling of external devices while the PC is running. Restarting the computer is unnecessary. Requirements: USB, and the relevant operating system. (Plug and Play)
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HQ resolution
High Quality resolution. Description for high digital photo quality.
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Html
Hypertext markup language, a file format used in the World Wide Web.
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http
Hypertext transfer protocol: transmission format and communication basis for the exchange of data in the Internet.
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Hyper focal setting
The hyper focal is a certain distance, with whom you get the depth of field; the hindmost focal point is allways at infinity. Wenn the camera uses a fixed aperature and a fixed focal length and also to this two parameters fitting hyperfocal distance has been adjusted, everything halfway from hyperfocal distance to infinity will be in focus.
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I
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Image capacity
The number of images that can be taken before the storage medium needs to be replaced.
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Image compression
In order to store digital pictures economically, the image data is compressed. However, compression often causes a reduction in picture quality.
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Image converter
Semiconductor image converter (CCD chip).
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Image editing software
Describes software that allows the user to view and alter digital images. A commonly used image editing program is Adobe Photoshop.
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Imaging software
Software for the administration and editing of digital images (as well as other multimedia files).
(CAMEDIA Master)
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Image stabiliser
Either opto-mechanical or electronic system that helps prevent camera shake to ensure sharp, clear results even at very high zooming levels. Upon detecting any unintentional movement of the lens, the system compensates optically or electronically to keep the subject steady. While electronic stabilisation systems are fine for video cameras, there are not as suitable for still images.
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Image Tank
Mobile buffer from the Level Electronics company.
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Image transmission/ transfer
The digitisation of images means they can be transmitted via data carriers or networks without the loss of quality or copied an infinite number of times. (Data transmission)
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Image plane
The area inside the camera where the object is focused clearly. The image plane can be compared to the film plane in analogue cameras; the difference being that the film is replaced by the CCD chip.
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Index print
Reduced display of several photos on one print.
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[INDOOR]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. The light of the flash can be too strong for shooting indoors. This preset setting uses higher ISO sensitivities. This allows you to use a flash that is less strong than normal when shooting indoors and to avoid the likelihood of blur when not using the flash.
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Ink jet printer
A printer that by spraying tiny black or coloured ink dots onto paper produces a hardcopy image.
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Internal memory
Memory built into a camera that cannot be removed.
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Internet
Worldwide network of computers that allows for the global exchange of information.
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Interpolation
Calculating non-existent image data from captured image data. Interpolation is used by all digital cameras to determine colour data from neighbouring sensors. (The reason, a sensor can only record one colour.) Interpolation can also be used to increase (or decrease) an image’s resolution. The quality of the resulting photo depends on the capabilities of the algorithm used. It is important to remember, interpolation cannot produce detail that has not been captured.
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IPTC/NAA-Standard
Standard for storing picture information (so called meta files) in JPEG files. The information is not visible in the picture, but they are wrapped up in the picture file and can be shown and worked up with an appropriate programm.This standard is developed by the "International Press Telecommunications Council" (IPTC) and the "Newspaper Association of America" (NAA).
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iSAPS
Short for "intelligent Scene Analysis based on Photographic Space". By the Canon Company developed technology. On the basis of the distance of the motif, the focal length, the aiming of the camera (thanks to the orientation sensor) and the lightness of the motif makes it possible for the DIGI respectively iSAPS to make a profil from the motif and compare it with characteristic properties typical motif situations, which are stored inside the camera databank. Due to these informations, is it possible for the camera to adjust the picture parameters (f.i. Exposure, white balance etc.)to the circumstances.
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J
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Jaggies
Slang term for the stair-stepped appearance of a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The smaller the pixels, and the greater their number, the less apparent the “jaggies”. Also known as pixelisation.
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JEIDA
Japan Electronics Industry Development Association. Japanese standards committee for storage cards.
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JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group. The de facto standard for image compression in digital imaging devices which enables different levels of compression to be selected. Because brightness information is more important than colour data, most pixels only store the brightness information. When the JPEG file is opened, the missing colour data is automatically calculated from the existing information. (MPEG)
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JPEG2000
Successor format from the JPEG store method. Thanks to the so called Wavelet-compression there is less quality los as with a higher compression density as with JPEG. Nowadays hardly supported.
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JPG
File ending for JPEG files.
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K
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Kbit/s
Kilobits per second. The number of kilobits transmitted per second. (Baud)
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Kelvin scale
Temperature scale beginning at absolute zero (approx. –273° Celsius = 0 Kelvin). Therefore Celsius values can easily be converted into Kelvin by adding 273 degrees to the Celsius value. (Colour temperature)
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Kilobit
1 Kilobit = 1,000 bits.
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Kilobyte
1 Kilobyte = 1,024 bytes.
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L
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LAB
LAB colours consist of a luminance or brightness component and two chromatic components.
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[LANDSCAPE+PORTRAIT]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures including people and landmarks or scenery.
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Large format
Name for the analogue Planfilm-System. The greatest filmsize in film-based photography . Typical picture sizes are 4 x 5 and 9 x 12 cm. For this size are special - mostly technical very simple (without electronics), allmost allways manual adjusting - cameras (named Precision- or Field camera) available. Because this cameras have between the lens and the film bearer movable bellows, it makes it possible to obtain through moving on both levels perspective corrections (f.i. anti-distorsion) and a so called focus extension.
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Laser printer
A printer that uses a laser beam to project characters and graphics onto a drum, which then electrographically transfers the image, using toner, onto paper. Laser printers are known for their high quality reproduction and printing speed.
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LCD
Liquid Crystal Display. LCDs are commonly used in calculators, watches, digital cameras, and notebook computers.
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LED
A Light Emitting Diode is often used as an indicator lamp.
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Lens
Transparent glass or plastic that has been formed and polished to form a certain shape, usually spherical. When a beam of light reaches the area between the air and the lens, a part of this light is always reflected. The remaining light passes into the lens and alters its propagation direction, i.e. the light is refracted. The incorporation of various lenses (converging and diverging lenses) creates a lens system. When optimally arranged, they allow the subject to be presented correctly on the image plane.
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Lens adapter
Adapter between the end of the camera’s lens and the lens converter. A step-up-ring is also a type of lens adapter.
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Lens hood
Made from metal or plastic, the hood fits on the end of the lens to shade the front lens element from incidental light, which could otherwise cause reflections, glare and ghosting.
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Lens system
Group of lenses (sometimes just one lens) that enable the sharpest and brightest pictures to be taken. Often simply referred to as the lens or objective. There are various lenses available such as wide-angle, normal, macro, and tele with fixed focal distances as well as zoom lenses with adjustable focal distances.
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Light intensity
1. Relationship of the maximum diameter of an objective to its focal distance. It is equal to the smallest aperture value (i.e. the largest opening). Whereas the zoom lenses on analogue cameras have a light intensity of F4, good digital cameras have lenses with a value less than F3.0.
2. The light intensity from sources of light measured in Candela. (Flash)
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Line sensor
Image sensor that is read line for line and of which the CCD is a typical example.
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Li-Ion rechargeable battery
Very lightweight rechargeable battery with a very high capacity (up to twice that of a NI-MH rechargeable battery) and one that does not suffer from memory effect problems. While regular lithium ion batteries are available as mignon batteries, the rechargeable versions are only used in custom-made forms requiring special chargers.
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LINUX
By Linus Thorvald developed free operating system which builts up on the commercial network Unix. Linux is a so called "Open-Source-Programm" and which comes within the General Public License (GPL), which means, the source code has been made public, the source code can be modified and the software is available for free because there is no payment requiered for the licence. Nowadays it is possible that commercial companies requier money for commerce and documentation.
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Li-Po rechargeable battery
The lithium polymer battery represents a new type of technology that unlike Ni-MH, NiCd and Li-Ion cells does not need a metal casing. Instead, the electrodes are covered with flexible plastic or aluminium foil. They also have a very high energy density so that they can be smaller but provide higher performance than other rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, they are easier and cheaper to produce in the medium term than Li-Ion rechargeable batteries but, like the latter they are only available in custom-made forms requiring special chargers.
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Lithium battery
An accumulator type battery with a high energy density making it ideal for mobile phones, still and video cameras. Generally, the lithium battery is the main battery and the lithium ion battery is a secondary, rechargeable battery.
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Lpi
Lines per inch. Unit of measurement for the resolution of printed images. (Dots per inch)
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LSI
Short for Large Scale Integration. Name for electronical components which have different functions at one time or on which are integrated different components with special functions.
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LZW
Developed by Lempel, Zif, and Welsh: a special kind of compression reducing required storage capacity for Bitmap formats without loss in quality.
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M
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Mac
Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh computer. This computer is often used for graphics applications and image processing.
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Mac OS
The Apple Macintosh computer’s operating system.
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Macro shooting
Shooting while having the camera just a very short distance from the subject, such as 2 cm or 20 cm away.
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Macro position
Special setting on a camera respectively on an objective, which shortens the closest focus range.
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mAh
Short for mili-ampere per hour. Unit for the capacity statement of batteries. The higher the value, the more energy reserves the battery has to offer.
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Manual Focus (MF)
This allows you to set the focus manually. The camera's auto focus function can attain proper focus on normal subjects, but you will need to fix the focus on a certain position when taking pictures of dark or fast-moving subjects. Some camera models have a dedicated button for the manual focusing, while there are others (e.g. C-70 ZOOM) that open the focus setting screen when you hold down the OK/MENU button. There are also camera models that do not have this function.
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Manual Mode (M)
In this mode, you can manual set the shutter speed and the aperture value. Most camera models display how much your setting combination is diffrent from the optimum exposure setting metered by the camera.
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Mass Storage Class
USB Mass Storage Class.
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Megapixel
For Megapixel the transducer of a digitalcamera has around 1 Mio. Pixels.
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Megapixel digital camera
Digital camera equipped with a CCD that can record images with over 1,000,000 pixels. Today, cameras with up to 5 megapixels are in the price range of amateur users.
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Memory Card
This is what you save your pictures on, and is therefore equivalent to camera film in traditionary photography. Compact digital cameras use xD-Picture Card. Some camera models allow you to use both xD-Picture Card and CompactFlash Card.
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Memory effect
A problem with NiCd rechargeable batteries where, if the battery is repeatedly charged when not fully empty, the battery just remembers its capacity when it was “topped up” and not its actual capacity. The result: the battery loses power over time.
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Memory Stick
A removable memory medium developed by Sony.
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Menu
This is a collection of shooting/playback functions that are available on the camera. The menu is displayed on the monitor when you press the MENU button. The menu is further divided into items such as "SETUP" and "MODE MENU"depending on their purposes. You can use the arrow pad to select a setting.
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Metering system
A function for measuring the brightness (light). You may wish to select a different metering system, depending on the size of the area in which the light is measured.
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MF
Short for Manual Focus.
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Microdrive
A miniature hard drive from IBM that fits the Compact Flash Type II format. To record images to a Microdrive, a digital camera not only needs to be compatible with Compact Flash Type II, but also electronically compatible (able to provide the power required and have the necessary firmware.)
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Microprocessor
Electronical part of the camera which processes the signals from the A/D/ converter
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Middle contact
Electronical contact on every hotshoe for transferring the fire orders from the flash. Because this contact is the main contact and it is always situated in the middle of the hotshoe, it is also called middle contact.The middle contact diameter is also bigger than the extra contact on systemhotshoes.
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Mignon
Named for batteries with a standard measure fom 14,5 x 50,5 mm. Most frequently used battery format. Also known as AA (American name) or R6 Batterie ( international official name).
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MiniCards
Small memory cards that are manufactured by Intel (Miniature Cards) or Toshiba (SSFDC).
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Modem
Word derived from Modulation and Demodulation. A device which transforms digital data into analogue signals in order to send the information through a telephone line. A modem is necessary to access the internet or online services.
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Moiré
An interference pattern brought about when images of differing resolution are superimposed. This problem may occur, for example, if small diamond shapes are to be reproduced on a television screen.
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Monochrome
A picture in only one colour or in black and white.
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Motion JPEG
Some digital cameras can record a fast sequence of images in QuickTime Motion JPEG format.
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Movie recording
An increasing number of digital cameras now allow the photographer to capture movie sequences. By taking hundreds of shots over the space of about a minute, a movie effect can be achieved (some cameras allow sound to be recorded to the movies too). These can then be included in presentations or incorporated into internet sites. (Sound recording.)
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MPEG
Motion Picture Expert Group. The abbreviation is used to describe a compression format for digitised video images. (JPEG)
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MPU
Mathematical Processing Unit. Either an integrated or separate component of a processor, which carries out the mathematical calculations, e.g. for certain image processing tasks.
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Multimedia card
A flash memory card used in some digital cameras and MP3 players.
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Multi measuring cell
Electronical component for multiple spot measuring.
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Multi-spot autofocus
An autofocus system that uses readings from several different points in the frame to determine the proper focus.
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Multi-spot exposure metering
With this system, the user can take readings from a number of freely-definable points. The camera recalculates the average exposure after each reading.
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[MUSEUM]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. The [MUSEUM] setting can be used in situations where you do not want to bother the people around you. Not only is the flash turned off, but camera sounds such as button operation sounds and the focusing sound emitted when the shutter button is half-pressed are also turned off.
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N
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ND Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. This adjusts the amount of light that enters the lens without affecting the picture color. Use this filter when you wish to use a slow shutter speed in bright daylight, or to shoot with lens aperture open.
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Negative
Film coated with a light sensitive emulsion that after exposure and processing produces the images taken with the camera in complementary values. (Slide)
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Network
The connection of several individual computers to aid data exchange and communication.
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NiCd battery
Nickel-Cadmium battery.
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Ni-MH battery
Nickel-Metal Hydride battery. Rechargeable batteries that have an energy density 100% higher than NiCd batteries and can supply high energy levels when required, e.g. when using the flash in quick succession. They can be recharged more than 300 times and are environmentally-friendly (free of cadmium and mercury). Among other devices, Ni-MH batteries are used to power digital cameras.
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[NIGHT+PORTRAIT]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Set [SCENE] to [NIGHT+PORTRAIT] when taking pictures of people with night scenery in the background. Some models allow you to set  from the mode dial.
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Night Scene
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of night scenery. Some models allow you to set  from the mode dial.
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Nodal point
The optimal turning point of the camera is the so called Nodal Point, this is the point of intersection between the optical axes and the main surface of the object. When a beam of light hits in a certain angle on the picture side nodal point, the beam of light will leave the objectside nodal point under the same angle. A good description for this point could also be "optical centre". The nodal point is impotant with taking panorama pictures.
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Noise
A term used in the field of audio engineering to describe interference that can lead to impure sounds and distortion. Noise may occur, for example, as a result of faulty microphones or recording equipment. In digital imaging, noise is a term used to describe the visible effect of interference on the CCD sensor. It appears as unwanted colour spots in an image - especially those taken at night with a slow shutter speed. (Colour noise)
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Noise reduction
In noise reduction mode, the camera takes two shots: the normal shot and one with the same exposure time but with the shutter closed. It is then able to determine the areas of an individual image that are susceptible to noise and compensate for this.
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NTSC
National Television Standards Committee. American television standard for the coding/ encoding of colours. Developed in 1953 this US TV norm is defined by an image size of 640 x 480 pixels and a frequency of 60 Hz (interlaced, i.e. 2 x 30 half images per second). (PAL, SECAM)
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O
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Object-lens tube
Tube sized housing from an objective.
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OLYMPUS
One of the worldwide leaders in the optio-digital market. Olympus entered the field of digital imaging at photokina 1996. From the very beginning, the company offered a complete digital photography system. With its vision, Olympus quickly became, and has remained, a driving force in this booming sector.
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OLYMPUS Master
Picture management and editing software. It is included in the CD-ROM supplied with the camera. When you upgrade to the Plus version, you can enjoy additional functions like the creation of 360-degree panoramic movies, digital albums that can be posted on the Internet, and more.
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Operating system
The basic program needed by a computer for operation. Well-known operating systems include
Windows from Microsoft and Mac OS from Apple.
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Optional
From Latin "optio" (= wish, free option) With cameras: accessory wich can be purchased as an extra and is not a part of the standard box.
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Optical real image viewfinder
Shows the actual area that can be photographed.
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Overexposure
When a shot receives too much light so that the photo is too bright and colours are bleached out.
Underexposure.
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P
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PAL
Phase Alternating Line. A colour television standard developed in Germany in 1967 and used in many European and non-European countries. The image size is 786 x 576 pixels with a frequency of 50 Hz interlaced (2 x 25 half images are generated each second). (NTSC, SECAM)
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Pan-Focus
Special programm mode in which the autofocus can be turned off and the camera will adjust the focal point and the diaphragm so that everything in a certain distance area will be in focus. Because there will be no autofocus proces, the shutter can be opened without a focus conditioned time delay. In photography jargon allso called Hyperfocal Setting. Fixed focus cameras function as well according to the Hyperfocal Setting principle.
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Panorama picture
Generally speaking named for pictures which are at least twice as wide as high and which are suited for picture motivs with a really great angle of coverage (up to 360 ). Real panorama pictures show a greater angel of coverage than pictures with a traditional side proportion.With common panorama technology the camera turns around it own spindle during shooting or several pictures will be united to an extra long picture. For the last method several digital cameras own a so called Panorama respectively Stich-Assistent which indicates from two removed separate pictures the points of intersection for easy seamless uniting of the pictures with the special software. Simply Panorama systems cut of the upper or lower margin of a picture to hold out a panorama picture; but the angle of coverage will not be bigger as with a "normal" picture.
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Panorama function
Special function that allows the stitching together of numerous pictures to create a panorama effect. SmartMedia and xD-Picture Cards from Olympus make it particularly easy to create such compositions when used in conjunction with a compatible Olympus digital camera.
(SmartMedia function card)
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Pantone
A colour scale consisting of about 3,000 gradations in tone that is used in editing digital images.
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Parallax error
When the motif seen through the camera’s viewfinder does not correspond with what will be captured by the lens due to the different viewing positions of the two. When shooting close up, the degree of error can lead to incorrectly framed images. Some cameras feature a viewfinder with correction markings to prevent this while others automatically compensate for the parallax effect. In digital cameras, the parallax error can be avoided by framing shots with the LCD monitor (if available).
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PC-Synchro cable
Standard plug for connecting a Studio Flash and an older compact flash to cameras.The cable is only used for transmitting the flash commands: opposite to TTL flash control were there are no signals transmitted for controlling the exposure. The short for PC has by the way nothing to do with in computer technology used short for "Personal Computer", however originally derived from Prontor and Compur ( two type defenitions of shutters from Middle Format and Larg Format cameras), because in the past these frequently used type of shutters were directly connected to the flash. See also: Flash synchronisation.
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PC-Synchro plug
Plug for connecting a pc synchron cable.
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Peripheral device
General term for computer accessories.
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PDF
Short for " Portable Document Format" . By the Adobe company developed special file format for documents (f.i. manuals, prospects, message). The PDF format allows a uniform description from the corresponding documents in original layout and with the original lettertype on the monitor and on paper. PDF documents can be opened, placed, or printed with the Acobat Reader from Adobe which can be obtained free of charge.
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Photo CD
A process developed by Kodak and Philips that enables the digital storage of conventional photographs and slides on a CD-ROM. As such, the digitised picture may be loaded into a computer and viewed or edited like other digital images.
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PictBridge
Protocol (manufacturer overstepping) for direct heading of a printer with a digital camera. Makes printing possible from a digital camera without a pc and the printer does not has to have memory cards slots. For this it' s neccessary that the printer as well as the camera are PictBridge standard compatibel.
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Picture effects
Allow images to be captured, for example, in black & white, blackboard/whiteboard and sepia to produce a specific look. (sepia)
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Picture Transfer Protocol
see PTP
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P.I.M
Print Image Matching technology. Developed by Epson for even more realistic colours in digital photo prints. Information about the colour scale and other relevant data (such as light values, colour saturation, colour balance, contrast etc.) are recorded in the Exif file header and can then be used by P.I.M. compatible printers when printing.
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Pixel
The pixel is the smallest element of a raster display or digital image and contains information about intensity and colour. A pixel can be either square or rectangular. Generally, monitors or ink-jet prints consist of pixels with up to 256 dots per colour. Exception: dye-sublimation printer.
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Pixel modulation
A process used in printing which changes the brightness of individual pixels by changing the pixel size.
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Pixel mapping
Term for process by which defective pixels on a CCD are recognised and compensated for. The missing data is calculated by using the values from surrounding pixels.
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Pixel-Shift
Shooting technology with digital cameras, where in a fraction of a second two successive shots with slightly (in micrometer-area) moved shootinglevel (by moving the transducer or through moving the by the objective embraced image) are made. Therefore it is possible for the transducer to filter the two images differently, which has as a result less interpolation ostentation and therefor a better image quality.
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PL Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. Removes the light reflection from the subject surface. Removing light reflected by the subject surface enables better color reproduction and enhanced contrast.
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PMA
Photo Marketing Association, Internation organisation of Photo dealers. They organise every year in February a mainly for the American market intended, Photo Fair in the USA.
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PNG
Portable Network Graphics. A lossless compression file format used for storing images. (JPEG, MPEG, LZW, ZIP)
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Polarisation filter
Filter that only lets light through that is coming from a certain direction and so helps cut out reflections from non-metallic surfaces (like glass and water). Use of the filter also increases colour saturation, making blue skies even bluer, for example.
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Portrait
Portrait refers to pictures of people, especially photographic portraits. Depending on how much of the subject is in the composition, there are long, medium and close up shots.
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Positive film
A type of film. It is also called a slide film, and is exposed directly in the camera and processing through a direct positive process to give positive color images that are directly viewable on a slide projector. It offers superior color saturation and tonal range than negative films.
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Postscript
A standard format for the printing or reproduction of text and graphical documents.
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Ppi
Printing term for pixel per inch. Indicates the number of pixels a scanner or digital camera can process per inch.
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Print functions
In addition to trimming and image selection, some printers offer users greater independence from the computer by presenting them with more print functions. For example, individual backgrounds may be created and picture effects like sepia used to personalise the print. And if the printer and camera feature DPOF compatibility, print settings selected on the camera immediately after taking photos will also be recognised. (Picture effects.)
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Print Image Matching
see PIM
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Printing media (paper)
For optimum printing results, it is important to choose the best printing media. Olympus not only offers paper and printer ribbons for its dye-sublimation printers, but also provides print media for the
ink-jet user too. In addition to the specially coated, super high quality InkJet Photomedia, the CAMEDIA series also features other paper types with a variety of finishes, from high-gloss to poly-silk fabric.
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Processor
The “heart” of a computer. All programs and user commands are executed here. CPU.
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Progressive CCD
Describes a CCD specially developed for digital cameras. (Video CCD)
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Prosumer camera
Term to describe a camera with features of professional models that also appeal to the consumer.
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PTP
Picture Transfer Protocol is an image data transfer protocol (like the TCP/IP protocol for the Internet) that is intended to do away with the need for special digital camera drivers. PTP compatible devices, such as digital cameras, computers, mobile phones, printers, etc., should be able to transfer data among each other without the user needing to install any drivers.
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Q
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Quick shooting mode
This function allows a number of photos to be taken in quick succession (usually with one to two seconds between each shot). With a large memory (D-RAM) it is even possible to take high resolution shots with only a tenth of a second between them. The images are then later saved onto the cards.
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QuickTime
Developed by Apple, this is a standard for digital videos and streaming media. Many internet videos are in QuickTime format.
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QuickTime Motion JPEG
A file format created by Apple for saving and compressing animated audio/video data (videoclips, for example). Best played with Apple QuickTime-Player.
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QuickTime VR
Addition to QuickTime for saving and displaying panorama images.
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QVGA
Quarter VGA. Named for a picture resolution of 320 x 240 pixels, which occurs a lot as a picture size with video recordings. See also VGA
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QXGA
Quad Extended Graphics Array. Standard for displaying images on a screen. Typical resolution is 2,048 x 1,536 pixels. (SXGA, VGA, UXGA, XGA)
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R
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RAM
Random Access Memory. The user can read and write data from/onto this type of memory. RAM is used to temporarily store both data and programs. As opposed to ROM, all memory stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off and is therefore called volatile memory. (SIMM)
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Raster length
The number of raster points that can be displayed per inch. Given in lines per centimetre (L/cm) or per inch (lpi). A 60 raster is 60 L/cm or 152 lpi.
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RAW
Some cameras allow files to be saved in the RAW format. These contain the image information as it is sent directly from the CCD, i.e. before the camera has carried out any processing at all. The RAW files are usually smaller than if saved in TIFF format because the colour information has not been processed at that point. To see and edit the files and then save them in a more conventional format, a special program or plug-in is required.
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Real image viewfinder
Optical real image viewfinder.
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Rechargeable battery
Type of battery that once empty can be recharged using a charger. The most common types of rechargeable batteries are nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), lithium ion (li-ion) and lithium polymer (li-po) batteries. (Battery pack)
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Resolution
Measurement of the image detail (dots per inch/ centimetre) that a device can capture or reproduce. With a monitor or printer, the resolution describes the number of pixels that can be shown. When used with devices for image capture, such as digital cameras or scanners, the resolution refers to the number of pixels that record the image. The result is given in dpi (“dots per inch” 1 inch = 2.54 cm), the horizontal and vertical total of pixels (e.g. 2,288 x 1,712 ) or in lpmm (line pairs per millimetre, which describes the highest number of thin black and white lines that can be displayed per millimetre). A good small image film has, for example, a resolution of approximately 150 lpmm (300 dpi rounded out to 118 dots per centimetre). In general, it can be said that the higher the resolution, the better the quality.
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Removable lens
Lens that is not fixed to the camera but one that can be removed and replaced by another lens.
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RIP
Hardware or software, which converts a postscriptum file into a for a printer or other device suitable raster format. The RIP-software is usually a part of the postcriptum software.
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RISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computer. A processor or system that has extremely fast processing times, but recognises only a small number of commands.
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Red eye reduction
Technical measures for red-eye reduction effects with flash shooting. Red lightning eyes originate during the reflextion of the flash light in the retina of the eye.The effect will appear more often, if the the pupil is opened wide and the closer the built-in flash is near the axe of the objective. As a counteract, they will try to reduce the red-eye-efect by using a bundled ambient light or pre-flash for the actually shooting so the pupils will close a little.
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Red stitch
Affected with a red stitch.
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ROM
Read Only Memory. This type of memory storage only allows the user to “read” the information it contains, i.e. the user cannot store (write) any information on the ROM. Once written, the contents of the ROM cannot be changed. (Flash ROM, CD-ROM, RAM)
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RS-MMC
Short for Reduced Size-MultiMediaCard. Resized (24 x 18 x 1,4 mm) version of the MultiMedia Card.
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S
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Salt-and-Pepper-Noise
High frequent noise, with a dispersion of black and white dots, which originates through a not optimal working noise-reduction in the camera.
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Scanner
A device used to digitise printed information (pictures, graphics, and text).
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[SCENE]
One of the camera functions. Scenes are preset so that the necessary functions and settings can be easily selected to suit the subject. A variety of settings are available for [SCENE], such as [LANDSCAPE] and [NIGHT SCENE]. Select the mode that best suits the subject you are shooting so you can easily take pictures with the ideal settings.
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Scene program
Modes for certain types of shots. In a scene program, the camera automatically selects the best parameters (such as aperture, shutter, flash mode, etc.) for the scene in question. Typical scene modes include night scene, landscape, portrait, sport.
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Sharpness range
Area in which the fixfocus objectiv focuses. See also depth of field
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Selective measurement
With selective light metering, as with spot metering only a certain part of the motiv - mostly in the middle of the image - will be measured. The selective light metering has a wider measure angle (normally 3 bis 20%) as with spot metering (angle under 5%).
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Selective zone metering
As with spot metering, selective zone metering just takes the readings for a specific section in the frame – usually in the centre. However, unlike spot metering, the measurement area covers a larger portion (up to 20% whereas the spot metering just concentrates on an area below 5%.)
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Sepia
Amber colored color nuance. In the analog photography is used a so called Sepia-Toner, to let Picture printouts look like bleached images. Some digital cameras offer this effect as an extra.
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Server
The main computer in a network, responsible for the management/regulation of all other computers.
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Self-timer
A function that delays the opening of the shutter. This ensures vibration-free operation during long exposure times and enables the photographer to get into the picture.
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SHQ-resolution
Super High Quality-resolution. A very high resolution digital photo.
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Single lens reflex camera
Camera type that directs the image coming in through the lens up into the viewfinder by means of a mirror. When the shutter is released the mirror swings up to allow light on the image plane. For fast sequence shooting and to reduce vibrations, some SLR optical systems use a beam splitter (prism) instead of the quick return swinging mirror. The picture seen through the viewfinder is almost 100% identical to the resulting photo.
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Slow Shutter
It means slow shutter speed. In general, slow shutter refers to shutter speeds slower than the minimum shutter speed required in order to avoid camera movement blur. Shooting a water flow or car lights in a night scene using slow shutter results in pictures containing unusual, interesting effects.
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Shooting range
The range in which a camera is able to capture sharp, focused images.
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Slow Synchronization
Photography technique where the shutter speed is set to a slower speed and the shutter is kept open for a while after the flash has gone off. When the flash is set to go off automatically, the shutter speed is usually set to a value that allows you to take pictures without camera movement blur. As a result, when you take pictures when there is just enough light to see the background, such as at sunset, the background may lack exposure and appear completely black. Setting a slower shutter speed and turning the flash off allows you to shoot both the subject and the background. When you use a slow shutter speed, try stabilizing the camera with a tripod or other method.
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Shutter time lag
Time between the instant the release is fully depressed and the actual moment of capture. This does not include the time when the release is half depressed to activate (if available) the autofocus system, etc.
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Shutter
Either mechanical and/or electronic shutters are possible. Mechanical systems can use a leaf (or iris) shutter or curtain shutter. In digital cameras a third alternative is also possible: the electronic shutter. This works by activating and then deactivating the CCD so that no further light can be recorded, regardless of whether light is hitting the CCD. The shutter controls the exposure time, which can range from thousandths of a second to several minutes or more. Fast shutter speeds freeze action, slow speeds are more suited to stationary subjects. A tripod is recommended for slow exposure shots to avoid camera shake. (Aperture)
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Shutter Priority
In this mode, the user can adjust the shutter speed manually and the camera then selects the aperture setting for the best exposure. Often described as “S” mode on the camera.
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Skylight-Filter
Filter which - as the UV-filter - stops the UV light, oposite to thisone not colorneutral, but light pink coloured. Used mainly for reducing the atmospheric fog (vapour) and for protecting the camera.
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SmartMedia function cards
Olympus offers various SmartMedia cards with additional functions for compact and compact zoom digital cameras: a template function that allows photos to be combined with 12 different templates, a panorama card which together with a PC permits up to 10/20 images to be fused to create a panoramic photo, a calendar function card that enables the production of personalised calendars, and a title function card for creating birthday and greetings cards.
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SmartMedia storage card
SmartMedia cards are small (45 mm x 37 mm x 0.76 mm) and light (approximately 2 g) storage media. The controller is located in the drive instead of being incorporated in the card to allow simple construction. SmartMedia cards are very affordable and ideal for the storage of digital photos and music. (xD-Picture Card)
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Soft Focus Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. It softens the contours of the subject to obtain a softer, hazy picture.
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Software
Generall name for all computer programms (operating system and applications)
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SQ-resolution
Standard Quality resolution.
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Step-up-ring
Lens adapter, with which a filter/conversion lens with a wider diameter than that of the camera’s lens is attached.
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Stitchen
Past together. Method with the help of the right software for pasting together seamless single shots to a Panorama image.
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Sound recording
Some modern digital cameras enable sound to be recorded to either movie sequences or still images. Therefore, through the use of the built-in (or external) microphone, sound effects can be added to images. (movie recording)
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Studio flash
Stationary, high power flash that is mostly used by advertising and fashion photographers. Normally consisting of simply a flash tube and pilot lamp that shines continuously to enable the user to check the exposure, they have no automatic metering system and must be adjusted manually. Studio flashes can be equipped with diverse accessories, such as softboxes, filters, reflectors, Fresnel lenses etc. to achieve special lighting or effects. These flash systems are generally much more powerful than compact flashes and their output is measured not by a guide number but by watts per second (Ws). Models over 400 Ws mostly have to be powered by an external power source. The studio flash is connected to the camera via an x-synchronisation cable. If several flashes are used, the other units are activated by an activation light from the first flash unit.
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Subtractive colour mixing
A special method for the production of colour prints that involves layering the colours cyan, magenta, yellow, and black in appropriate proportions, to produce the required colours. (additive colour mixing)
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[SUNSET]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of sunsets and scenes illuminated by the glow of twilight. The white balance is locked automatically at [Sunny Day] so color tones are more emphasized, preserving the special atmosphere of a sunset scene.
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Super CCD
A CCD type developed by Fujifilm that utilises octagonal-shaped pixels arranged in an interwoven pattern.
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SVGA
Super Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen resolution of 800 x 600 pixels. (QXGA, SXGA, VGA, UXGA, XGA)
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System camera
Camera that can be used with a wide range of accessories from the same manufacturer (lens converters, external flash, external power source, etc.)
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System conditions
Minimal requirement of hardware and software for the operating of a device (f.i. digitalcamera or scanner) or the software on a computer. Decisive are the CPU, the free working space RAM en harddisk space as well as the operating system.
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T
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Tabletop
Tabletops are used for the aranging of a motiv on a surface. For profesional shooting there are available special tables.
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TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol. Standard protocol for sending data packets over the Internet or network. The data is automatically broken up into small packets. An error correction procedure takes place automatically.
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Tele
All lenses with a focal length of 80 mm (or in digital cameras, with the equivalent of 80 mm) or over are classified as tele lenses. Typical characteristics of a tele lens are the narrow field of view (30° and below depending on focal length), the short depth of field and a compression effect where objects far away and near by appear to be on one level. Standard tele lenses are 80 to 200 mm* and super tele lenses are from 200 mm* upwards. (Wide angle, zoom.)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
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Tele- focal length
See: Tele
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TFT
Thin Film Technology. Currently the highest quality of colour LC-Displays. TFT displays are used in notebooks as well as in digital cameras from OLYMPUS.
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Thumbnail
The miniature representation of a digital image that usually serves as a preview function in image editing programs.
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TIFF
Tagged Image File Format. A specific, high quality file format used for the storage of digitised images.
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Trimming
Refers to the action of removing unwanted portions of the picture. Usually, the cropped part remaining after you trim the unwanted portions is magnified to the size of the original picture. Therefore, the smaller the remaining part, the poorer the picture quality will be after it is enlarged.
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Tripod
Stand to which the camera can be attached to hold it steady, especially during slow exposure shots where camera shake must be avoided. Most tripods have three legs while professionals prefer the more compact but less stable one-legged versions.
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True Colour
Describes the colour output on a monitor or printer. Requires at least 16 million colour nuances.
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TruePic
Developed by Olympus, the TruePic technology optimises the image information captured on the CCD before the data is saved. Employing the algorithm 3-D Cubic, it uses the brightness and colour information of the neighbouring pixels when processing the pixel data. These calculations, only possible with the super-fast Risc and Olympus Asic processor, lead to digital pictures that set standards for picture sharpness, contrast, true colours and gradation.
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TTL flash metering
With TTL flash metering the flash light and ambient light is measured through the lens so the intensity of the flash can be set. All work is done by the camera so the flash does not need any metering cells or control circuits. Also, no manual adjustments are necessary.
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TTL metering
Through The Lens metering.
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TWAIN driver
Allows the transfer of scans or digital photos into image editing programs. (TWAIN: Technology Without An Interesting Name.)
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U
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Ultrazoom
Zoomobjective with a factor 10x or more
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Universalzoom
Zoom which has a focal length as well in the wide angle area as if in the tele area. Universal zoom indicates typically zoomobjectives which have focal length from 28 to 200 mm.
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Update
An updated version of a software program.
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Upgrade
A new improved version of hardware or software that is already available.
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Upload
Process of copying a file from a computer to a remote computer. Opposite of download.
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URL
Unified Resource Locator. Address system for Internet sites.
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USB
The Universal Serial Bus is probably going to replace the serial and parallel interfaces. USB enables the effortless connection of peripheral devices without the need to install cards into the computer or reconfigure parts of the operating system. The most important advantages are: the support of Plug and Play, hot plugging, automatic configuration of external devices upon connection (no re-start necessary), faster data transfer and the possible operation of up to 127 devices from a single port. USB 2.0 uses a much higher bandwidth and is up to 40 times faster than the original standard. It further benefits from being backwards compatible with existing USB technology, so older devices will still work with USB 2.0.
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USB Mass Storage Class
With USB Mass Storage Class support, the camera (or any other compatible device) is automatically displayed as an external drive. It can then be easily accessed in any program as a regular drive. Since most operating systems contain the generic Mass Storage Class driver, the camera is recognised without any driver having to be installed. Also called USB Storage Class or USB AutoConnect.
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Unsharp Masking
Often abbreviated USM. Describes an image focusing process. The quality of the result depends on the characteristics of the algorithm used.
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Utility
A program that performs special tasks for the operating system, for example: file administration, controlling a digital camera, a CD-ROM drive or printer.
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UXGA
Ultra Extended Graphics Array. This refers to images with a resolution of 1,600 x 1,280 pixels. (QXGA, SVGA, SXGA, VGA, XGA)
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V
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Vendor Class
USB-devices are separated into different types of classes, e.g. audio-device, mouse or mass storage. Further there are more devices from specific producers, which are not defined in detail. Those are summarised in the Vendor Class. For the use with a computer, there is always needed a specific driver.The first digital cameras have had the type "Vendor-Class". All cameras which are available today, appear for computers as massstorage devices of the type "Mass Storage-Class". Thanks to that standard, there is no specific driver necessary any more.
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VGA
Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. (QXGA, SVGA, SXGA, UXGA, XGA)
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Video CCD
Describes a CCD specially developed for television and video, also used in digital still cameras. (Progressive CCD)
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Video output
Interface that connects a digital camera with a TV or video recorder.
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Viewfinder
Part of the camera through which you can see the image. The well-known viewer types with digital cameras are: Single-lens reflex viewfinder, TTL-viewfinder, LCD color monitor and the electronical video viewfinder.
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Vignetting
Fading off the sides of a picture into plain white or black instead of having abrupt edges. Also unintentional loss of brightness at the edge of the image. Wide angle lenses are particularly susceptible. However, the problem can be more or less avoided by removing the elements causing the effect, such as a filter with a frame that is too large or ill-fitting lens hood.
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Virus
Describes a part of a computer program that usually causes damage or destruction of software and/or data.
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VR
Short for: Vibration Reduction
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W
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WB Compensation
One of the white balance compensation functions that are available. In general, white balance is automatically adjusted by the camera. However, it may appear different from the visual impression due to ambient light or the color tone of the subject. In such a case, use .gif) to fine tune the white balance.
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WIA
Short for: Windows Image Acquisition.In the latest operating system from Microsoft (Windows ME/XP) built-in software plug-in for operating scanners and cameras on operating system level. WIA can be seen as a development of TWAIN, because it needs a driverinstallation, oposite to PTP, but already operates on operating system level.
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Wide angle
Wide angle lenses are those with focal lengths of 35 mm* and lower. The typical qualities of these lenses are a wide viewing angle, (60° to 180°) and a large depth of field. Standard wide angle lenses are classified as having focal lengths of 28 to 35 mm*; super wide angle lenses have values of 24 mm* or less. (Tele, zoom)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
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Windows (95/98/2000/ NT/XP/ME)
Graphic-based operating environment developed by Microsoft.
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White balance
The adjustment of a digital camera to the respective type of light (colour temerature) such as daylight, overcast, tungsten, and fluorescent light for even truer colours. Or to create a different, striking effect.
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World Wide Web
Trenutno najpopularniji i najsveobuhvatniji internet servis. WWW omogućava prenos i pregled datoteka sa multimedijalnim sadržajem.
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Write cancel (otkazivanje upisivanja)
Omogućava brisanje podataka iz privremene memorije i otkazuje proces beleženja podataka na memorijsku karticu. Tako je fotoaparat spreman da odmah snimi narednu sliku. Ova funkcija je naročito korisna kod snimanja u sekvenci velikom brzinom.
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X
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xD-Picture Card
An innovative memory card standard developed by Olympus and Fujifilm, launched in 2002. Particularly small digital memory media for digital cameras that is very durable and robust, and allows speedy data transfer rates. Capacities of up to 8 GB will be possible in the future. (Max. available capacity 2002: 256 MB).
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XGA
Extended Graphics Array. A graphics standard developed by IBM, which allows the display of 1,024 x 768 pixels with up to 65,535 colours. (SVGA, SXGA, UXGA, VGA)
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X-synch cable
Cable for connecting a non-dedicated flash or studio flash. The cable only passes the command to fire and no other instructions.
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Z
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Zoom factor
Ratio between the largest and smallest focal length. Indicates as well the maximum enlarge factor.So has a zoomobjective with a focal length from f.i. 38 to 380mm the disposal of a 10x zoom, a focal length from 38 to 72 mm has a disposal of 2x zoom.
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Zooming in
Setting a longer focal length on your camera so you can make the subject bigger in the picture.
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Zoom lens
A type of lens that allows the photographer to get closer (zoom) to a subject. By adjusting the focal length (manually or mechanically), the degree of magnification can be altered. This feature is particularly useful for picking out subjects at a distance. The zooming power of a camera can usually be read on its lens; 3x (e.g. 35 - 105 mm*) is a common zoom level that provides good magnification. However, other cameras offer up to 10x magnification or more, which increases the focal length ten times (e.g. 38 – 380 mm*). When using such high magnification lenses, an optical image stabiliser or tripod help to ensure sharp, clear results. (Lenses, tele, wide, digital zoom, focal length)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
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0 - 9
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2CR5
Defined as Lithium batteries for one time use with the standard size 45 x 34 x 17 mm and Nenn voltage 6V. Also known as DL245 battery (American description).
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